Biology 2201
Course Description
This course begins the study of introductory biology. Topics include the cell and cellular transport, diversity of life, homeostasis of human biology systems and population biology.
Authorized Learning Resource
Homework Central
Thurs June 11: This period was used as a review session in preparation for our upcoming final exam.
Tues June 9: This period was used as a review session in preparation for our upcoming final exam.
Mon June 8: This period was used as a review session in preparation for our upcoming final exam.
Wed June 3: Please review our continued notes and discussion of the Topic A - The Digestive Pathway: (2) esophagus (bolus), (3) stomach (chyme), (4) small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum). Note that most absorption of food takes place in the small intestine and this is facilitated by a large surface area. (5) large intestine.....to be continued.
Tues June 2: Please review our introduction to Unit 3 (E) - The Digestive System. We begin with Topic A - The Digestive Pathway. Be familiar with the purpose of the digestive system (macromolecule breakdown into absorbable micro molecules). Note 2 types of digestion: (1) mechanical digestion and (2) chemical digestion. Be familiar with how mechanical digestion aids in chemical digestion. Review the digestive pathway and be able to identify these structures on a diagram: (1) mouth including teeth, tongue and salivary glands (bolus)...to be continued.
Fri May 29: Students wrote Unit 3D - Respiratory System Test.
Thurs May 28: This period was used as a review class in preparation for the upcoming Respiratory System Test.
Respiratory System Test (Fri, May 29th)
Tues May 26: Students worked on Assign 1 - Respiratory System Question Assignment.
Assign 1 (Due Today)
Respiratory System Test (Fri, May 29th)
Mon May 25: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic C - The Mechanics of Breathing. Review the definitions of the following respiratory volumes and be able to identify and calculate these from a spirograph from a spirometer: (4) vital capacity (VC) and (5) residual volume (RV). Students worked on Lab 1 - Spirometry and we demonstrated use of a spirometer..to be continued.
Lab - Spirometry (Due Tues)
Respiratory System Test (Fri, May 29th)
Fri May 22: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic C - The Mechanics of Breathing. Note the volume and pressure changes created for the following breathing stages: (1) inspiration (inhalation) and (2) expiration (exhalation). Be able to interpret diagrams. Also review the definitions of the following respiratory volumes and be able to identify and calculate these from a spirograph from a spirometer: (1) tidal volume (TV), (2) inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), (3) expiratory reserve volume (ERV)...to be continued.
Respiratory System Test (Fri, May 29th)
Wed May 20: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic B - Respiratory Pathway. Be able to label a diagram identifying these structures: (8) lungs and (9) alveoli. Be familiar with the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the capillary. Also review our introduction to Topic C - The Mechanics of Breathing. Note the 2 structures that control pressure inside teh lungs and allow for breathing: (a) diaphragm and (b) intercostal muscles...to be continued.
Tues May 19: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic B - Respiratory Pathway. Be able to label a diagram identifying these structures: (2) pharynx (throat), (3) epiglottis, (4) larynx (voice box), (5) trachea (windpipe), (6) bronchi, (7) bronchioles...to be continued.
Thurs May 14: This period was used to complete the Circulatory System Test.
Wed May 13: Please review our introduction to Unit 3 (D) - Respiratory System. We started with Topic A - Respiratory System Purpose and Requirements. Note the purpose of gas exchange. Also review the following requirements and how they are met: (1) moist surfaces (moist alveoli), (2) large surface area (folding of alveoli), (3) high concentration gradient (high O2 in alveoli) and (4) short diffusion path (alveoli and capillary are 1 cell thick). Also review the difference between the terms breathing, gas exchange and cellular respiration. Also review our introduction to Topic B - Respiratory Pathway: (1) nasal cavity (nose & mouth). Be familiar with how the nasal cavity makes changes to the air as you breath in...to be continued.
Tues May 12: This period was used for review in preparation for the upcoming Circulatory System test.
Circulatory System Test - Thurs, May 14th
Fri May 8: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic G - Components of Blood: Note the components of blood, their percentage of blood volume, function, shape, size and where these components (cells) are produced in the body: (3) platelets and (4) plasma. Also review the blood clotting process including the chemical changes, formation of the platelet plug and the fibrin mesh.
Circulatory System Test - Thurs, May 14th
Assign 1 - Circulatory System Questions (Due Tues)
Thurs May 7: Please review our notes and discussion of Topic G - Components of Blood. Note the components of blood, their percentage of blood volume, function, shape, size and where these components (cells) are produced in the body: (1) red blood cells (erythrocytes), (2) white blood cells (leucocytes) and (3) platelets (thrombocytes)...to be continued.
Circulatory System Test - Thurs, May 14th
Tues May 5: Students completed Lab 2 - Effect of Exercise on Blood Pressure.
Lab 2 - Effect of Exercise On Blood Pressure (Due Thurs)
Circulatory System Test - Thurs, May 14th
Mon May 4: Please review our notes and discussion of Topic F - Blood Pressure. Note the definition of blood pressure, which blood vessels have the highest pressure, how pressure is generated and the measurement in mm Hg as systolic pressure / diastolic pressure. Note how blood pressure is measured in the brachial artery with a sphygmomanometer and the sounds the physician is hearing. Note how blood pressure can be used as a measurement of cardiovascular health. Students completed a pre-lab for Lab 2 - Blood Pressure.
Fri May 1: Please review our introduction to Topic E - Heartbeat. Note how heart beat is generated through the SA node; the body's pacemaker (causes contraction of the atria) and the AV node (causes contraction of the ventricles). Be familiar with how the electrical activity of the heart can be measured with an ECG (electrocardiogram) and be able to identify contractions of atria and ventricles on the ECG. Also review teh sounds made by teh beating heart and their cause: (1) "lub" caused by the closing of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves and (2) "dub" caused by the closing of both semilunar valves. We used a formula to calculate cardiac output.
Wed Apr 29: Students completed the Sheep Heart Dissection and the accompanying Lab Report.
Sheep Heart Dissection Lab Report - Due Wed
Tues Apr 28: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic D - The Heart. Be able to identify ALL valves. Also review the various circulation loops: (1) pulmonary (lungs), (2) systemic (body), (3) cardiac (heart), (4) renal (kidneys). Students watched a video as a pre-lab for the sheep heart dissection.
Fri Apr 24: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic C - Capillaries. Note heat exchange at the capillary: Situation 2 - too cold resulting in vasoconstriction and return of blood via a deep vein. Please review our introduction to Topic D - The Heart. Be familiar with its location, size, composition and structure. Note 2 atria and 2 ventricles, the septum and why the heart is called a double pump. We traced the flow through the heart identifying all anatomy. Be able to label a diagram. Right Side (Deoxy Blood) - superior/inferior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries. Left Side (Oxy Blood) -pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle and aorta. Note what chamber has the thickest walls...to be continued.
Thurs Apr 23: Please review Topic C - Capillaries. Note that these tiny blood vessels are the site of exchange of nutrients and waste between the blood and the cells. Be familiar with events at the (a) artery end of the capillary (downloading of oxygen to the cells from the blood) and at (b) vein end of the capillary (uploading of waste from the cells to the blood for excretion). Also review heat exchange at the capillary: Situation1 - too warm resulting in vasodilation and return of blood via a surface vein....to be continued.
Wed Apr 22: Students completed the Endocrine System Test.
Mon Apr 20: Please review our notes and discussion of Topics B - Blood Vessel Types. Note the role of three types of blood vessels and be able to recognize them from a diagram based on their structure: (1) arteries - carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart - no valves, (2) veins = carrying deoxygenated blood toward the heart - with valves and (3) capillaries - connecting arteries and veins and exchanging nutrients with the cells./...to be continued.
Endocrine System Test - Wed, April 22nd
Fri Apr 16: Please review our introduction to Unit3 (C) - The Circulatory System. Topic A explores - Functions of a Circulatory System. Note that (a) thin organisms do not require a circulatory system as all cells are close to the environment and nutrients can be received by diffusion. (b) Thick organisms require a system to deliver nutrient to cells that are not close to the environment. Note that the system is also called the cardiovascular system.
Wed Apr 15: This class was used as a review period in preparation for the upcoming Endocrine System Test.
Endocrine System Test - Wed, April 22nd
Tues Apr 14: Students were given this class to complete the Endocrine Research Assignment.
Assign - Endocrine System Research - Due Wed
Endocrine System Test - Wed, April 22nd
Mon Apr 13: Students used this class to complete Assign 3 - "Glands and Hormones Question Assignment". Students selected research topics for Assign 4 - Endocrine System Disorders.
Assign - Gland Hormone Questions - Due Tues
Assign - Endocrine System Research - Due Wed
Endocrine System Test - Wed, April 22nd
Tues Mar 31: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic C: Glands and Hormones: (6) Pineal Gland and its hormone (a) melatonin. Be familiar with its function with respect to sleep, the circadian rhythm followed and applications such as jetlag, shift work and cell phones. (7) Gonads (Testes and Ovaries) and their hormones; androgens (testosterone) and estrogen and their function in regulating the secondary sex characteristics.
Assign 2 - Gland Hormone Summary Table (Due Wed)
Endocrine System Test - Wed, April 22nd
Fri Mar 27: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic C: Glands and Hormones: (5) Pancreas. Note how homeostasis of blood glucose is maintained in the following situations: (a) situation 1 - after a meal (release of insulin from beta cells, note the conversions in muscle, liver and fat cells) and (b) situation 2 - before a meal (release of glucagon from alpha cells, note the conversions in muscle, liver and fat cells). Be familiar with the 3 "g" words - glucose, glycogen and glucagon. Note the symptoms of untreated diabetes and the discovers of insulin; Canadians Banting and Best...to be continued.
Thurs Mar 26: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic C: Glands and Hormones: (4) Adrenal Cortex (outer layer) and its hormones (a) glucocorticoids / cortisol which is a long-term stress hormone producing energy throughout the day along with anti-inflammatory properties. (b) mineral corticoids / aldosterone which raises sodium in the blood and blood pressure. (c) androgens and estrogens. The adrenal gland produces small amounts of these sex hormones. (5) Pancreas. Be familiar with the Islet of Langerhans Cells that produce 2 hormones: (a) alpha cells producing glucagon and (b) beta cells secreting insulin...to be continued.
Wed Mar 25: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic C: Glands and Hormones: (3) Parathyroid Gland: (a) parathyroid hormone / PTH. Discuss how homeostasis is maintained when (a) blood calcium is too low (PTH secretion) and (b) blood calcium is too high (calcitonin secretion). Also review our discussion of (4) Adrenal Medulla (middle layer) and its hormones (a) adrenaline / epinephrine and (b) noradrenaline / norepinephrine. These hormones are complimentary and are involved in the short-term stress response / fight or flight....to be continued.
Update Gland / Hormone Summary Table
Mon Mar 23: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic C: Glands and Hormones. For each gland note the hormone that is secreted, the target cells and its function within the body: (2) Thyroid Gland (location: neck): (a) thyroxine / T4 - controls metabolic rate and body temperature. Be familiar with how thyroxine is regulated through a negative feedback loop. (b) calcitonin - lowers blood calcium. (3) Parathyroid Gland (location: embedded in the thyroid): (a) parathyroid hormone . PTH. This hormone raises calcium levels in the blood. It is an antagonistic hormone to calcitonin.....to be continued.
Fri Mar 20: We completed Topic B - Hormone Types. Also review our introduction to Topic C: Glands and Hormones. For each gland note the hormone that is secreted, the target cells and its function within the body: (1) Anterior Pituitary Gland (location: brain; below hypothalamus: (a) human growth hormone (hGH) / somatotropin - growth of bones, growth of muscle, mineralization of bones by increasing calcium absorption. Be familiar with how this hormone follows a circadian rhythm...to be continued.
Assign 1 - Target Cells & Hormone Types (Due Mon)
Wed Mar 18: Please review our notes and discussion of Topic A - Endocrine Introduction. Note the differences and similarities between the endocrine and nervous systems. Be aware of the physical connection between the two systems; the hypothalamus-pituitary gland connection in the brain. Also review Topic B - Hormone Types. Note how the following hormones function (mechanism): (1) steroid hormones - fat soluble and can enter the cell and (b) protein hormones - fat insoluble and cannot enter the cell / rely on a second messenger.
Tues Mar 17: This period was used to Complete Unit 3A - Nervous System Test.
Wed Mar 11: Part of this period was used to continue review in preparation for the upcoming Nervous System Test. We also introduced Unit 3B - Endocrine System. We started with Topic A - Endocrine Introduction. Please review the definitions of endocrine system, hormones and endocrine vs exocrine glands. Also review the concept of target cells for hormones...to be continued.
Nervous System Test - Tues, March 17th
Tues Mar 10: This period was used for review in preparation for the upcoming Nervous System Test.
Nervous System Test - Tues, March 17th
Fri Mar 6: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic F: The Synapse. Note the steps involved in allowing an impulse to cross a synapse and be able to label a related diagram. Note what happens to neurotransmitters once their job in the synapse is complete. Be able to identify the following neurotransmitters and whether they are excitatory or inhibitory in teh CNS or PNS: (1) acetylcholine, (2) noradrenaline, (3) dopamine, (4) serotonin and (5) endorphins.
Nervous System Test - Tues, March 17th
Thurs Mar 5: Please review our introduction to Topic F: The Synapse. Be familiar with the definition of a synapse, a pre-synaptic neuron and a post-synaptic neuron. Note the steps involved in allowing an impulse to cross a synapse and be able to label a related diagram...to be continued.
Assign 3 - Nervous System Questions (Due Fri)
Wed Mar 4: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic E - Impulse Transmission. Be familiar with the 3 stages of impulse transmission and be able to recognize these on a graph of potential energy: (2) depolarized (neuron firing, action potential). and (3) repolarized (refractory period). Note how the strength of a response is determined despite the All or None Response. We completed a summary table!
Assign 2 - Nervous System Research (Due Wed)
Fri Feb 27: Please review our introduction to Topic E - Impulse Transmission. Be familiar with the 3 stages of impulse transmission and be able to recognize these on a graph of potential energy: (1) polarized (neuron at rest, resting potential), (2) depolarized (neuron firing, action potential). Be familiar with the concept of threshold and the "all or none" response...to be continued.
Assign 2 - Nervous System Research (Due Wed)
Fri Feb 20: Please review our notes and discussion of Topic D - Reflex and Reflex Arc. Note the parts of a reflex arc and be able to label a diagram: (3) sensory neuron, (4) interneuron, (5) spinal cord, (6) motor neuron, (7) effector and (8) response. Note the reflex is automatic and does not directly involve the brain. This creates a rapid response to provide survival vale (minimize contact with dangerous stimuli). Students completed Lab 2 - The Reflex.
Lab 2 - The Reflex (Due Tues)
Tues Feb 17: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic C - The Neuron. Note the definition of a neuron. Be able to label a diagram and provide the function of the following neuron parts: (4) myelin sheath, (5) Schwann cell, (6) node of Ranvier and (7) axon terminal. Also review our introduction to Topic D - Reflex and Reflex Arc. Note the definition of the reflex arc / pathway. Note the parts of a reflex arc and be able to label a diagram: (1) stimulus, (2) sensory receptor, (3) sensory neuron...to be continued.
Fri Feb 13: Students were provided with class time to complete the Sheep Brain Dissection Lab. Please review our notes and discussion of Topic C - The Neuron. Note the definition of a neuron. Be able to label a diagram and provide the function of the following neuron parts: (1) cell body, (2) dendrite, (3) axon, (4) myelin sheath...to be continued.
Thurs Feb 12: Students completed the Sheep Brain Dissection Lab.
Lab Due - Mon
Wed Feb 11: Please review our continued notes and discussion of (2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). Note its 2 branches (b) somatic nervous system providing voluntary control of skeletal muscles. Students watched a video to prepare for the Sheep Brain Dissection Lab. Students selected research topics for Assign 2 - Nervous System Disorder Research...to be continued.
Mon Feb 9: Please review our continued discussion of Topic B - Organization / Anatomy of the Nervous System: (1) CNS (b) Brain - Hindbrain (vi) medulla oblongata and (vii) pons. Also review (2) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). Note its 2 branches (a) autonomic nervous system providing autonomic / involuntary control of internal glands and organs. Include its branches i) sympathetic nervous system moving the body away from homeostasis - "fight or flight" and the ii) parasympathetic nervous system moving the body toward homeostasis - "rest and digest...to be continued.
Assign 1 - Due Wed
Fri Feb 6: Midterm Exams were returned for review. Please review our introduction to Topic B - Organization / Anatomy of the Nervous System: (1) CNS (b) Brain - Forebrain: (i) cerebrum, (ii) thalamus, (iii) hypothalamus. Midbrain (iv) midbrain. Hindbrain (v) cerebellum...to be continued.
Fri Jan 23: This class was used as a review period in preparation for the upcoming Midterm Exam.
Midterm Exam - Mon Jan 26th (12:40 - 1:55) Room: 201
Thurs Jan 22: This class was used as a review period in preparation for the upcoming Midterm Exam.
Midterm Exam - Mon Jan 26th (12:40 - 1:55) Room: 201
Tues Jan 20: This class was used as review period 2 in preparation for the upcoming Midterm Exam. We focused on a review of Unit 1 - Ecosystem Interactions and Population Dynamics.
Midterm Exam - Mon Jan 26th (12:40 - 1:55) Room: 201
Mon Jan 19: This class was used as a review period in preparation for the upcoming Midterm Exam. We focused on a review of Unit 1 - Ecosystem Interactions and Population Dynamics.
Midterm Exam - Mon Jan 26th (12:40 - 1:55) Room: 201
Thurs Jan 15: Students wrote the Unit 2 Test - Processes That Sustain Life (The Cell).
Wed Jan 14: Please review our introduction to Topic B - Organization / Anatomy of the Nervous System. Note the 2 major divisions of the nervous system: (1) Central Nervous System (CNS) consisting of grey matter and white matter. Be familiar with the 2 divisions of the CNS: (a) spinal cord and (b) brain. See how the brain is protected through the skull, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. Note the parts of the brain and their functions and be able to label these of a diagram. Forebrain (i) cerebrum including cerebral cortex and corpus callosum...to be continued.
Unit 2 Test: Thurs Jan 15th
Tues Jan 13: Please review our introduction to Unit 3 - Homeostasis / Human Body Systems. We begin with a study of the Human Nervous System. Review our notes and discussion of Topic A - Homeostasis of Body Systems. Be familiar with the definition of homeostasis and examples of how homeostasis is achieved (ex: body temp, blood pressure). Be familiar with 2 feedback loops involving homeostasis: (1) negative feedback loop which moves the body toward homeostasis...associated with a healthy body and (2) a positive feedback loop which moves the body away from homeostasis...associated with disease or a changing body. We continued with further review for the Unit 2 Test.
Unit 2 Test: Thurs Jan 15th
Fri Jan 9: This period was used for review in preparation for the unit test.
Unit 2 Test: Thurs Jan 15th
Thurs Jan 8: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic J - Biological Molecules In Cells. (3) Macromolecules / Polymers. (c) Proteins. Be familiar with their building blocks (amino acids), the nine essential amino acids and the function of this molecule in the body. The reminder of this period was used for review in preparation for the unit test.
Unit 2 Test: Thurs Jan 15th
Tues Jan 6: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic J - Biological Molecules In Cells. (3) Macromolecules / Polymers (a) carbohydrates. Note their definition, food source and function. These include i) simple carbs (glucose - monosaccharide and sucrose - disaccharide), ii) complex carbs (glycogen & starch for energy storage and chitin & cellulose for structural support). (b) Lipids / Fats. Note their function in the body. i) triglycerides including saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated and trans fats. ii) phospholipids, iii) steroids and iv) waxes...to be continued.
Unit 2 Test: Thurs Jan 15th
Wed Dec 17: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic I - Energy in Cells: (2) Anabolism - (2) Anabolism - stores energy, bond forming, occurs in the chloroplast on the thylakoid membrane. Note the (a) light dependent reaction and the (b) Calvin Cycle. Also review our introduction to Topic J - Biological Molecules In Cells. We defined biochemistry and examined the hierarchy from cells ---> organelles ---> molecules. We defined (1) Elements in Cells and examined the 4 common elements in cells: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. We examined Molecules in Cells starting with (2) water. Note the attraction of nutrients dissolved in water (polar) to the polar phosphate head of the cell membrane bilayer and other functions such as temperature regulation and providing the aqueous environment for chemical reactions in the cell...to be continued.
Tues Dec 16: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic I - Energy in Cells. Continue our discussion of 2 types of metabolism: (1) Catabolism. Note the 2 catabolic reactions (a) ATP Catabolism. Be familiar with the hydrolysis reaction and the breakdown of ATP; the cell's main energy currency. (b) glucose catabolism through aerobic cellular respiration. Note that the energy produced through glucose breakdown is used to restore ATP in the ATP-ADP Cycle. Note the 4 steps to glucose catabolism (i) glycolysis, (ii) conversion, (iii) Krebs Cycle and (iv) oxidative phosphorylation...to be continued.
Fri Dec 12: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic H - Limits To Cell Size. Be familiar with the reasons for why it is an advantage for a cell to stay small: (2) control by the nucleus, (3) collision of reactants and (4) surface area to volume ratio. We included calculations to explain how small cells have an advantage for feeding. Also review our introduction to Topic I - Energy in Cells. Be familiar with the term metabolism and 2 types of metabolism: (1) catabolism - releases energy, bond breaking, occurs in the mitochondria on the cristae...to be continued.
Assign 4 - Surface Area To Volume Ratio (Due Mon)
Thurs Dec 11: Please review our introduction to (2) Active Transport / Membrane Assisted Transport: (a) endocytosis -including (i) pinocytosis (cell drinking, conducted by all cells all of the time to take in nutrients) and (ii) phagocytosis (cell eating, conducted by white blood cells to destroy bacteria) and (b) exocytosis. We completed a summary table / flow chart for cell transport.
Assign 3 - Transport (Due Fri)
Wed Dec 10: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic G - Cell Transport. (1) Passive Transport (c) facilitated diffusion. Note its use for molecules that are (i) too large (carrier proteins) and molecules that are (ii) too charged (channel proteins). Also review our introduction to (2) Active Transport / Membrane Assisted Transport. Note that active transport requires the use of ATP (cell energy), vesicles and works against a concentration gradient. Be familiar with 2 types: (a) endocytosis - ...to be continued.
Lab 2 - Osmosis (Due Thurs)
Mon Dec 8: We discussed several osmosis application questions. Students gathered data for Lab 2 - Osmosis "The Great Potato Experiment"...to be continued.
Fri Dec 5: Students completed Unit 2 - Quiz 3 "Organelles". Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic G - Cell Transport. If the cell is in a hypotonic solution note the terms lyse (animal cell) and turgid (plant cell). If the cell is in a hypertonic solution note the terms crenate (animal cell) or plasmolyzed (plant cell). Be familiar with the normal state of animal and plant cells...to be continued.
Tues Dec 2: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic G - Cell Transport. (1) Passive Transport - (a) diffusion. Note that diffusion involves movement of solute from high concentration to low concentration and how this occurs through Brownian Motion until a dynamic equilibrium is established. Diffusion works for small molecules that are uncharged over short distances and large concentration gradients ex: oxygen or carbon dioxide. (b) osmosis. Be familiar with the terms hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic. Note that osmosis is the movement of solvent (water) across the cell membrane from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution. If the cell is in a hypotonic solution note the terms lyse (animal cell) and turgid (plant cell)...to be continued
Microscopes and Organelles Quiz 3 - Wednesday
Mon Dec 1: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic F - Cell Membrane Structure. Be familiar with the phospholipid bilayer, the function of each of its parts and be able to label a diagram: (b) fatty acid "tails", (c) membrane proteins, (d) cholesterol and (e) carbohydrates. Alsop note the fluid mosaic model of the membrane explaining how it is a mosaic and how it is fluid. Also review our introduction to Topic G - Cell Transport. (1) Passive Transport - without the use of energy. (a) diffusion. Note that diffusion involves movement of solute from high concentration to low concentration...to be continued.
Microscopes and Organelles Quiz 3 - Wednesday
Thurs Nov 27: Please review our introduction to Topic F - Cell Membrane Structure. Note that the membrane is selectively permeable and will allow entry of particles based on (a) size and (2) charge. Be familiar with the phospholipid bilayer and the function of each of its parts: (a) polar phosphate "heads", (b) fatty acid "tails"...to be continued.
Assign 2 - Organelles (Due Mon)
Microscopes and Organelles Quiz 3 - Wednesday
Wed Nov 26: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic D - Eukaryotic Animal Cells: (10) cytoplasm, (11) cytoskeleton and (12) cilia flagella. Also review Topic E - Eukaryotic Plant Cells. Note the additional organelles in plant cells and their function: (1) cell wall...to be continued.
Microscopes and Organelles Quiz 3 - Wednesday
Mon Nov 24: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic D - Eukaryotic Animal Cells: (6) mitochondria (cristae), (7) lysosomes, (8) transport vesicle, (9) vacuole...to be continued.
Fri Nov 21: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic D - Eukaryotic Animal Cells. Be familiar with the function of the following organelles and be able to label a diagram (3) ribosomes, (4) endoplasmic reticulum (both smooth ER and rough ER), (5) Golgi apparatus and the endomembrane system, (6) mitochondria (cristae), (7) lysosomes, (8) transport vesicle, (9) vacuole, (10) cytoplasm, (11) cytoskeleton, (12) cilia / flagella...to be continued.
Tues Nov 18: Please review our introduction to Topic C - Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells: (6) number of cells in organism and (7) metabolism (aerobic or anaerobic) organism. Also review our introduction to Topic D - Eukaryotic Animal Cells. Be familiar with the function of the following organelles and be able to label a diagram: (1) nucleus, (2) nucleolus, (3) ribosomes, (4) endoplasmic reticulum (both smooth ER and rough ER)...to be continued.
Assign 1 - Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells (Due Fri)
Mon Nov 17: Students completed Quiz 2 - Parts and Functions of the Compound Light Microscope. Also review our introduction to Topic C - Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells. Note the differences between these 2 types of cells based on the following headings: (1) kingdoms of life, (2) nucleus present or absent, (3) structure and size, (4) organelles present or absent, (5) DNA, (6) number of cells in organism...to be continued.
Lab 1 - Compound Light Microscope (Due Tues)
Thurs Nov 13: We discussed the guidelines for making biological drawings. Students started Lab 1 - The Compound Light Microscope. Students prepared wet mounts of onion cells, stained them with iodine estimated their biological size and prepared a biological drawing....to be continued.
Quiz 2 (Microscope Parts and Functions) - Mon, Nov 17th
Wed Nov 12: Please review the types of microscopes and their applications: (1) compound light microscope, (2) transmission electron microscope - TEM, (3) dissection or stereomicroscope and (4) scanning electron microscope - SEM. Students completed a related worksheet.
Quiz 2 (Microscope Parts and Functions) - Mon, Nov 17th
Fri Nov 7: Students wrote Unit 2 Quiz 1. Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic B - Microscope Development: (9) biological size including calculations. Review the types of microscopes and their applications: (1) compound light microscope...to be continued.
Quiz 2 (Microscope Parts and Functions) - Mon, Nov 17th
Wed Nov 5: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic B - Microscope Development. Be familiar with the following microscope terms: (3) depth of field, (4) working distance, (5) resolving power (resolution), (6) image inversion, (7) specimen(8) wet mount procedure vs permanent slide. Students practiced the wet mount procedure and focusing on a permanent slide using the compound light microscope....to be continued.
Quiz 1 Fri
Tues Nov 4: Students completed final observations for Lab 4 - Competition. Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic B - Microscope Development. Note the following microscope terms: (1) total magnification (include calculations), (2) field of view, (3) depth of field...to be continued.
Lab 4 - Competition (Due Wed) Quiz 1 - Fri
Fri Oct 31: Please review our continued notes and discussion of scientists making contributions toward the Cell Theory: (6) von Mohl, (7) Perkin and (8) Virchow...to be continued. Please review our notes and discussion of Topic B - Microscope Development. Be familiar with parts and functions of a compound light microscope and be able to label a diagram: (1) ocular lens, (b) objective lens, (c) condenser lens, (d) revolving nosepiece, (e) body tube, (f) stage, (g) arm, (h) course adjustment, (i) fine adjustment knob and (j) diaphragm.
Quiz 1 - Fri, Nov 7th
Thurs Oct 30: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic A - Cell Theory Development. Note the scientists exploring the origin of cells and what theory was supported by their experiments: (5) Spallanzani, (6) Pasteur, (7) Miller / Urey. Also review scientists making contributions toward the Cell Theory. Note the invention of the microscope was an important technology that allowed provided magnification to view cells: (1) Hooke, (2) Leeuwenhoek, (3) Brown, (4) Schleiden, (5) Schwaan...to be continued.
Quiz 1 - Fri, Nov 7th
Wed Oct 29: Students completed Week 2 observation for Lab 4 - Competition. Please review our continued notes and discussion of Unit 2 - Processes That Sustain Life (The Cell). We start with Topic A - Cell Theory Development. Note the scientists exploring the origin of cells and what theory was supported by their experiments: (3) Redi, (4) Needham, (5) Spallanzani...to be continued.
Mon Oct 27: Students wrote Unit Test 1 - Ecosystem Interactions and Population Dynamics.
Fri Oct 24: This class was used as a review period in preparation for the upcoming test.
Wed Oct 22: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic G - Human Population Growth. Note the impact of our ecological footprint on (1) 3 categories of biodiversity (a) species diversity, (b) genetic diversity and (c) ecosystem diversity and (2) sustainability. Students collected Week 1 Data for Lab 4 - Competition.
Unit 1 Test - Mon Oct 27
Tues Oct 21: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic G - Human Population Growth. We discussed how to measure human population growth: (4) population pyramids (a) expansive population, (b) constrictive population and (c) stable population. Note the definition of an ecological footprint and the 6 categories that contribute to this footprint. Review the concept of biocapacity and an ecological overshoot...to be continued.
Assign 6 - Human Population Growth (Due Wed)
Unit 1 Test - Mon Oct 27
Mon Oct 20: Please review our introduction to Topic G - Human Population Growth. Note that humans have an extreme k strategy, Type I survivorship curve and a J shaped growth curve. Note the significant changes through human history on the J-shaped curve including early humans, Bubonic Plague and the Industrial Revolution. We discussed how to measure human population growth: (1) percent population growth, (2) doubling time, (3) demographic transition model. Note the various stages of this model: Stage 1 (early human populations), Stage 2 (demographic trap), (3) Stage 3 (demographic transition), Stage 4 (post transition), Stage 5 (negative population growth).
Unit 1 Test - Mon Oct 27
Wed Oct 15: Students completed setup of Lab 4 - "Competition" and developed an appropriate hypothesis. We completed discussion of (4) Interactions With Non-Native / Invasive Species. Not the concerns / damage caused by invasive species as well as control methods (a) chemical control and (b) biological control.
Assign 5 - Interactions (Due Thurs)
Unit 1 Test - Mon Oct 27
Fri Oct 10: Please review our notes and discussion of Topic F - Interactions in Communities: (1) Competition (b) interspecific competition (noting 2 possibilities - coexistence OR competitive exclusion). (2) Predator-Prey Interactions. Note definitions of predator and prey and how these populations tend to cycle. (3) symbiotic interactions (a) mutualism, (b) commensalism and (c) parasitism. (4) Interactions With Non-Native / Invasive Species. Note the definition of invasive...to be continued.
Assign 5 - Interactions
Wed Oct 8: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic E - Changes in Populations. Review our discussion of Life Strategies of organisms. There are 2 opposite strategies: (1) r Strategy (short life, large number of young, no parental care) and (2) k Strategy (long life, few young and large amounts of parental care). Be familiar with how these strategies can be represented on a Survivorship Curve (r Strategy Type III , k Strategy Type I). Also review our notes and discussion of Topic F - Interactions in Communities: (1) Competition. Note why organisms compete and the 2 types of competition: (a) intraspecific competition (noting how organisms reduce this competition)...to be continued.
Assign 4 - Changes in Populations (Due Fri)
Mon Oct 6: Please review our notes and discussion of Topic E - Changes in Populations. (2) population growth in limited environments (common in nature, S-shaped curve). Be familiar with the 3 sections of an S-shaped curve (lag phase, exponential phase and equilibrium phase. Note at equilibrium that the population reaches carrying capacity. Be able to define carrying capacity and indicate this on a graph. Note 2 types of Limiting Factors (a) density independent limiting factors (abiotic factors). Note the term environmental resistance which is a sum of ALL limiting factors. Also review our discussion of Life Strategies of organisms. Note the definition of life strategies and the factors that determine its reproductive pattern. There are 2 opposite strategies: (1) r Strategy (short life, large number of young, no parental care) and (2) k Strategy (long life, few young and large amounts of parental care)...to be continued.
Fri Oct 3: Please review our notes and discussion of Topic E - Changes in Populations. Note the definition of demography, and the formula for calculating a change in population size using the variables births (natality), immigration, deaths (mortality) and emigration. We worked through several sample problems. Note TWO scenarios for population change / growth: (1) population growth in an unlimited environment (not common in nature, does occur in lab setting, J shaped curve)...to be continued.
Wed Oct 1: Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic D - Population Sampling: (3) mark / recapture sampling. Note the 5 assumptions to maintain accuracy when sampling. We completed a sample calculation and completed Lab 3 - Mark Recapture.
Lab 3 - Mark Recapture (Due: Fri)
Mon Sept 29: Students completed Lab 2 - Quadrat Sampling. Please review our continued notes and discussion of Topic D - Population Sampling: (3) mark / recapture sampling. Note the definition, conditions...to be continued.
Lab 2 - Quadrat Sampling (Due Wed)
Wed Sept 24: Students completed Unit 1 Quiz 1. Please review our notes and discussion exploring the differences between (a) precision and (b) accuracy. Note how to increase these when sampling.
Mon Sept 22: Students completed Lab 1 - Line Transects. We also discussed distribution patterns for organisms: (a) clumped distribution, (b) uniform distribution and (c) random distribution...to be continued.
Quiz 1 - Wed
Lab 1 - Line Transects (Due Wed)
Fri Sept 19: Please review our continued discussion of Topic D - Population Sampling. We discussed (1) transect sampling, when it is used and how it is used to calculate population size. (2) quadrat sampling. We also discussed distribution patterns for organisms: (a) clumped distribution, (b) uniform distribution and (c) random distribution...to be continued...to be continued.
Quiz 1 - Wed
Lab 1 - Transects (Due Wed)
Thurs Sept 18: Please review our continued discussion of Topic C - Canadian Biomes. (3) Freshwater Biomes (b) rivers and streams. Also review our introduction to Topic D - Population Sampling. Be familiar with definitions of population size and population density. Note methods of counting organisms: (a) direct observation, (b) indirect observation (tracks, nests, feces) and (c) sampling. Know why we sample populations , why we take many samples and the definition of a random sample. We discussed (1) transect sampling, when it is used and how it is used to calculate population size...to be continued.
Quiz 1 - Wed
Tues Sept 16: Please review our continued discussion of Topic C - Canadian Biomes. Note the (2) Marine Biomes (a) pelagic zone (both i - neritic zone and ii - oceanic zone) and (b) intertidal zone (i - upper intertidal zone, ii - middle intertidal zone and iii - lower intertidal zone) and (c) estuaries. (3) Freshwater Biomes - (a) lakes and ponds (i - littoral zone , ii - limnetic zone iii - benthic zone...to be continued.
Assign 3 - Biome Research (Due Thurs)
Mon Sept 15: Please review our continued discussion of Topic C - Canadian Biomes. Be able to define an ecotone and include examples. Note the (1) Terrestrial Biomes of Canada and their temperature, precipitation, indicator plants, indicator animals as well as special features (a) tundra (b) boreal forest, (c) temperate deciduous forest (d) grasslands ...to be continued.
Assign 3 - Biome Research (Due Thurs)
Thurs Sept 11: Please review our notes and discussion of Topic B - Energy in Ecosystems. Review the ways that ecologists represent this energy flow: (2) food webs - (high biodiversity, common in nature, stable and (3) pyramids of energy. Note available energy decreases as we move to the top of the pyramid as it is transferred to other forms (Rule of 10). Be able to provide examples of this transfer. Also review our introduction to Topic 3 - Canadian Biomes. Note the definition of a biome and the factors that determine the location of biomes: (a) climate, (b) latitude, (c) altitude and (d) soil. Also be familiar with teh factors that determine distribution of organisms within the biome: (a) abiotic factors and (b) range of tolerance ...to be continued.
Assign 2 - Energy Flow (Due Mon)
Wed Sept 10: Please review our notes and discussion of Topic B - Energy in Ecosystems. Be familiar with the diagrams that ecologists use to represent the flow of energy: (1) food chain - not common in nature, fragile, low biodiversity. Note the producer / consumers levels, trophic levels and autotroph / heterotroph terminology. (2) Food Web - common in nature, stable, high biodiversity. (3) Pyramids of Energy. Note the pyramid shape that results from an inefficient energy transfer based on the Rule of 10....to be continued.
Tues Sept 9: Please review our notes and discussion of Topic B - Energy in Ecosystems. Be familiar with how energy enters and is stored in the biosphere through (1) photosynthesis and (2) chemosynthesis. Also note how energy is used / released in the biosphere through (1) cellular respiration. Be able to recognize equations for these processes. Note that there is a continual supply of energy from the sun and that it moves in a 1-way flow from sun to Earth...to be continued.
Assign 1 - Biological Hierarchy (Due Wed)
Fri Sept 5: Please review our introduction to Unit 1 - Ecosystem Interactions and Population Dynamics. We started with Topic A - The Biosphere and Hierarchical Levels. Be familiar with definitions of ecology and an ecologist. Note the ordered levels within the biosphere from smallest to largest: (1) individual organism - species including its binomial name, (2) population, (3) community, (4) ecosystem, (5) biome and (6) biosphere.
Assign 1 - Biological Hierarchy (Due Wed)
Thurs Sept 4: Welcome to Biology 2201! Let's look forward to a great year of learning together. Today you received your course descriptor and evaluation scheme, had the opportunity to join our Google Classroom and were introduced to my website. The remainder of the period was used to distribute textbooks.
